Thursday, April 19, 2007

Workflow Xlll

So where do we stand now in all these informations.

you should be able to figure out things by now and build up a good system. Still there are all the software to take a look at. That will have to wait.

i am though going to give you a round up of how I do things now that I have taken Lightroom in to my workflow.

First I take the image.

Importing the image.

Then I import the image into a folder on my hard-drive. This folder is in the pictures folder named Raw. In the raw folder I have a folder of the month and there come the folders of each day.

so today I would create a folder with the name 19040701. In that folder go the images from the first card I import this day. If you have been reading my earlier post you will under stand this.

Next step is to import the images into Lightroom. While importing the images I do put all the metadata to the images that I can. Even keywords. I have not done thorough description of this process but I am in the middle of writing it so it will come soon. Any ways I think there are tons of writing about this already on the net.

Sorting

After the importing of the images I sort out those that I do want to keep and those I want to trow away. This I do to save space and help in the continuity of file naming.

Rename.

only when I am sure that I am not going to throw out any more images I rename the files. Then I back up the .cr2 (Im using the Canon) files.

Now I take all the images and do color correction and apply the profiles and all that stuff in Develop mode.

When Im done with the preparation for developing I do all the Metadata. Keywording and description and what ever is needed in those fields.

Now I can take the raw file and export it as DNG files. Why do I do that. It is because I want the development settings and all the Metadata to follow the raw file and I do hate sidecars.

After putting away on backup the DNG files, I can now export the tif files. My stock agency and my clients like tiff above any thing else so that is the way I work. Tif is also going to be with us for a while. Also all the Metadata information go with it.

Now that I have exported the images as tif I erase them from my hard drive. and out of Lightroom.

I now have the images in three formats two of them with all the metadata. Therefore even though we will go through lot of changes I should be able to retrieve all the information and work on my files after 20 years.

Now I import the images into Portfolio. the get into the category work files. From Portfolio I can open them up in Photoshop and once done working on them I move them to the category finished or where ever i like.

Now that I take the images to Photoshop I do all the final touch up. Even if I have been lazy I do farther Metadata.

When done with this all my images get imported into Portfolio (if not imported before). I use portfolio because I have been using it for a long time and it was the simplest and best one when I started out. I know how it works and what doesn't work so there is no need to change (still who knows). There are few others that are out there and also are good. the most popular on now being IviewMedia Pro.

With all my images in Portfolio and all the metadata I can find what ever I like. I can also put extra information to my images. I sort them and send them and what ever.

I have 3 external hard drives in the truck and need to switch between them once in a while. Even swap the drives inside. This is easy as I can always see through Portfolio where my files are. Be it Raw or tif.

As you can see I do not use Lightroom as my cataloging software. It wasn't made as such and having a lot of images just slows every thing down. Having lightroom as the first step is just the way I like it.
Photoshop of course still is with me and will be for a while. You just cant throw out your darkroom can you. I changed it to a digital darkroom and I need that one. Lightroom is no Photoshop and god forbid that the developers start to take it to that direction.Things are just about fine as they are.
Portfolio is the cataloging software and if you have tens of thousands of images you need it to be separate from all the other things.

Three software is all I need and can do my work with. It is simple and easy if you just prepare your workflow. you can automate the most of it and sit back, relax and enjoy life.

Workflow Xll

Keywords.

The most important link in archiving and finding images are keywords. That is when you put tags or describing words to the image. Even though you can in a dataabase look up images by just about any thing, keywords ar just about as important as description if not more so. It is much easier to find images by keywords thatn by caption as the caption does not neccesary have the same keywords to look for. There for it is not nessecary that you will have words like bright summer day in a description of an image you are looking for. On the otherhand if the image has these keywords you could search for bright+summer+day+Reykjavik and thus get all images taken on a bright summer day in Reykjavik.

If you are not quit sure on how you are going to organize your keywords it is good to take a look at the IPTC subject code. Even if you do not use but the main subject codes all search is going to be so much easier.

It is different between software how wll organized your keywords can be. You can do it in Lightrom with ease and highly effective. So effective in fact that you will only have to put in one keyword and automatically there will be put 10 others. for that to work you will have to give the keywords a good thought and organize them well.

once again I would like to point out the IPTC subject code. If you use that system you will have highly organized keywords that are according to international standards.

The subject codes can be found at www.iptc.org

Here is a list of the major subjects which is necessary to keep in mind when you start making all your keywords. If you want to be really good you put all this list into software like Lightroom and make your life a lot simpler.



01000000 arts, culture and entertainment
Matters pertaining to the advancement and refinement of the human mind, of interests, skills, tastes and emotions

02000000 crime, law and justice
Establishment and/or statement of the rules of behaviour in society, the enforcement of these rules, breaches of the rules and the punishment of offenders. Organizations and bodies involved in these activities.

03000000 disaster and accident
Man made and natural events resulting in loss of life or injury to living creatures and/or damage to inanimate objects or property.

04000000 economy, business and finance
All matters concerning the planning, production and exchange of wealth.

05000000 education
All aspects of furthering knowledge of human individuals from birth to death.

06000000 environmental issue
All aspects of protection, damage, and condition of the ecosystem of the planet earth and its surroundings.

07000000 health
All aspects pertaining to the physical and mental welfare of human beings.

08000000 human interest
Lighter items about individuals, groups, animals or objects.

09000000 labour
Social aspects, organizations, rules and conditions affecting the employment of human effort for the generation of wealth or provision of services and the economic support of the unemployed.

10000000 lifestyle and leisure
Activities undertaken for pleasure, relaxation or recreation outside paid employment, including eating and travel.

11000000 politics
Local, regional, national and international exercise of power, or struggle for power, and the relationships between governing bodies and states.

12000000 religion and belief
All aspects of human existence involving theology, philosophy, ethics and spirituality.

13000000 science and technology
All aspects pertaining to human understanding of nature and the physical world and the development and application of this knowledge

14000000 social issue
Aspects of the behaviour of humans affecting the quality of life.

15000000 sport
Competitive exercise involving physical effort. Organizations and bodies involved in these activities.

16000000 unrest, conflicts and war
Acts of socially or politically motivated protest and/or violence.

17000000 weather
The study, reporting and prediction of meteorological phenomena.

Now you should be ready to rock and roll.

Workflow Xl

Metadada in Lightroom

On o f the main reason that I have chosen to use Lightroom from Adobe as my raw converter is the fact that I can write all the IPTC info there and keep them with the raw file (by converting it to DNG) . Not only can I write it there I can automate lot part of the process when importing the images. I can FFX have it put all the info in the contact panel and even some or all of the info in the Content panel. When this is written I am in Baja California in Mexico. When I import files to Lightroom I let it fill out the fields of where images are taken. FX. City=Loreto Country=Mexico and so on. for explanation Ill go over the IPTC fields in Lightroom.

To the right in the working window in Lightroom is are the Metadata. At the top of this column you can shoos to show different information. I choose the IPTC data.

The first section is Contact. Here the information about you the Photographer are put in. This you do set up to be automatic when importing images. I will go through that later on.

Creator Creators name
Job title Job title (photographer)
Address Your address or your business address
City City of the business
State/province State
Postal Code Post code
Country Country
Phone Phone
E-mail Your e-mail can be more than one separated by a comma
Website website - can be more than one separated by a comma.

Then there is the Content panel. I usually do not do this automatic but it can be done in many cases.

Headline A brief publishable synopsis/summary of the contents

Caption The Description field, often referred to as a “caption” is used to describe the who, what and why of
what is happening in the photograph.

IPTC Subject code This field can be used to specify and categorize the content of a photograph by using one or more
subjects as listed in the IPTC “Subject NewsCode” taxonomy

Description writer The name of the one writing the descriptions.

Category Further explanation according to the IPTC subject codes.

Other categories Further explanation according to the IPTC subject codes or codes of the news agency or news media


Under Image comes further info and many of them can be automatically filled on import

Date created
Use this field to record the date of when the photograph was taken, not the date when you scanned
or edited the image. No need to fill it out if you are using digital camera as it is in the EXIF file.

Intellectual Genre
Use this field to describe the “type” of use that a photograph fulfills in terms of its intellectual or journalistic characteristics. This can be a different set depending on the publisher and media. Usually taxonomy developed "in-house"

Scene
This field is used to describe the scene of a photo using one or more terms from the IPTC "Scene- NewsCodes" controlled vocabulary

Location
Enter the name of a location shown in the photograph.

City
Enter the name of the city that is pictured in the photograph. If there is no city, you can use the location field alone to specify where the photograph was taken.

State/province
Enter the name of the subregion of a country–usually referred to as either a State or Province – that is pictured in the image.

Country
Enter the full name of the country pictured in the photograph.

ISO Country code
Enter the ISO Country Code of the country pictured in the photograph. This field is at the top/ first level of a top-down geographical hierarchy. Country codes should be displayed as upper-case letters (US not us), and may be either two- or three-letter codes as defined by the ISO 3166 standard.

Under Status there are further info.

Title
This field can be used as a shorthand reference for the image or “photograph” — primarily for identification.

Job Identifier
You can enter a number or identifier that was created or issued for the purpose of improving
workflow handling and image tracking. This ID should be added by the creator or provider for
transmission and routing purposes only and should have no significance for archiving.

Instructions
The Instructions field is a simple text field that can be used to include any of a number of
instructions from the provider or creator to the receiver of the photograph.

Provider
Use the Provider field to identify who is providing the photograph. This doesn’t have to necessarily be the owner/ creator.

Source
The Source field should be used to identify the original owner or copyright holder of the
photograph. The value of this field should never be changed after the information is entered following the image's creation.


Copyright
The Copyright Notice should contain any necessary copyright notice for claiming the intellectual property, and should identify the current owner(s) of the copyright for the photograph. Usually, this would be the photographer, but if the image was done by an employee or as work-for-hire, then the
agency or company should be listed. Use the form appropriate to your country.

Rights Usage terms
The Rights Usage Terms field should include text instructions on how this photograph can be
legally used.

Copyright info url
Web-side url where information about the copyright holder can be found




By filling out all of these fields life will become much more easier when you need to find your files. When you convert images through Lightroom to an other form these information will follow the file and thus always be there. When you then import images into some database system it collects those information and you can search and sort by any of them.

there is one key thing left and that are the keywords. Even though it is not under the IPTC fields in Lightroom it is the most important one. I will deal with that in a separate writing.

I will also write about the file info in Photoshop and file info in DAM softwares

Workflow X

The new IPTC Core panels concentrate all key sets of properties needed by
photographers into four sections or panels..

ITCP Contact Panel

Creator
This field should contain your name, or the name of the person who created the photograph. If it is
not appropriate to add the name of the photographer (for example, if the identify of the
photographer needs to be protected) the name of a company or organization can also be used. Once
saved, this field should not be changed by anyone. This field does not support the use of commas or
semi-colons as separator.
Note: This field is “shared” with the “Author” field in the Description Panel of the Adobe
Photoshop File Info field.


Creator’s Job Title
This field should contain the job title of the photographer. Examples might include titles such as:
Staff Photographer, Freelance Photographer, or Independent Commercial Photographer. Since this
is a qualifier for the Creator field, the Creator field must also be filled out.
Note: This field is “shared” with the “Author Title” field in the Description Panel of the Adobe
Photoshop File Info field (only appears in versions of Adobe products later than CS).



Address (Contact info)
The address field is a multi-line field. Enter your company name and all required information to locate the building or postbox to which mail should be sent.

City (Contact info)
Enter the name of the city in which your business is located.

State/ Province (Contact info)
Enter the name of the State or Province in which your business is located. Since the abbreviation for a State or Province may be unknown to those viewing your metadata internationally, consider using the full spelling of the name.

Postal Code (Contact info)
Enter the local postal code (such as ZIP code) in which your business is located.

Country (Contact info)
Enter the name of the country in which your business is located.

Phone(s) (Contact info)
Enter your business or work telephone number here. Multiple numbers can be given, separate them with a comma. Be sure to include the complete international format of a phone number which is: +{countrycode} ({regional code}) {phone number} - {extension if required} e.g. +1 (212) 1234578

Email(s) (Contact info)
Enter your business or work email address. Multiple email addresses can be given, separate them with a comma.

Website( s) (Contact info)
Enter the URL or web address for your business. Multiple addresses can be given, separate them with a comma.


IPTC Content panel
use this panel to describe the visual content of the image.

Headline
A headline is a brief publishable synopsis/summary of the contents of the photograph. The Headline term should not be confused with the Title term.
Note: This field is “shared” with the “Headline” field in the Origin Panel of the Adobe Photoshop
File Info field

Description
The Description field, often referred to as a “caption” is used to describe the who, what and why of what is happening in the photograph. If there is a person or people in the image, this caption might include their names, and/or their role in the action that is taking place. If the image is of a location, then it should give information regarding the location. Don’t forget to also include this same “geographical” information in the Image panel (location, city, state/province, country) of the IPTC Core. The amount of detail you include will depend on the image and whether the image is
documentary or conceptual. Typically, editorial images come with complete caption text, while
advertising images may not.
Note: This field is “shared” with the “Description” field in the Description panel of the Adobe
Photoshop File Info field.

Keywords
Enter keywords and terms or phrases used to express the subject of the content seen in the photograph. Keywords may be free text (i.e. they are not required to be taken from a controlled vocabulary). Values from the controlled vocabulary IPTC Subject Codes must be placed into the “Subject Code” field.
Note: This field is “shared” with the “Keyword” field in the Description panel of the Adobe
Photoshop File Info field.

IPTC Subject Code
This field can be used to specify and categorize the content of a photograph by using one or more subjects as listed in the IPTC “Subject NewsCode” taxonomy (available from http://www.newscodes.org/). Each subject is represented as an 8 digit numerical string in an unordered list. Only subjects from a controlled vocabulary should be used in this field, free-choice text should be entered into the Keyword field.


Description writer
Enter the name of the person involved in writing, editing or correcting the description of the photograph in this field. For individual photographers this will typically be your own name, as you are the person that is entering the image metadata.
Note: This field is “shared” with the “Description Writer” field in the Description panel of the
Adobe Photoshop File Info field.



IPTC Image Panel for formal descriptive information about the image

Date Created
Use this field to record the date of when the photograph was taken, not the date when you scanned or edited the image. If you use a digital camera, you can look at the EXIF data for the date stamp.
Note: This field is “shared” with the “Date Created” field in the Origin panel of the Adobe
Photoshop File Info field. You can use the Origin panel’s “Today button” to set IPTC Image
panel’s Date Created.


Intellectual Genre
Use this field to describe the “type” of use that a photograph fulfills in terms of its intellectual or journalistic characteristics. For example, at a newspaper, Intellectual Genre labels might include terms like daybook, obituary, press release, or transcript. A magazine might use terms like actuality, interview, background, feature, summary, or wrap-up. For best results, organizations should use a
set of terms from a controlled vocabulary that they have developed. A sample taxonomy of “Intellectual genre” terms developed by the IPTC is available from http://www.newscodes.org/. The PRISM working group of the IDEat http://prismstandard.org/.



IPTC Scene
This field is used to describe the scene of a photo using one or more terms from the IPTC "Scene- NewsCodes" controlled vocabulary (available from http://www.newscodes.org/). The IPTC Scene is represented as a 6 digit numerical string in an unordered list.


Location
Enter the name of a location shown in the photograph. This location name could be the name of a specific area within a city (Manhattan) or the name of a well known location (Pyramids of Giza) or (natural) monument outside a city (Grand Canyon). Location is the most specific term, at the fourth level of a top-down geographical hierarchy.



City
Enter the name of the city that is pictured in the photograph. If there is no city, you can use the location field alone to specify where the photograph was taken. City is at the third level of a top- down geographical hierarchy.
Note: This field is “shared” with the “City” field in the Origin panel of the Adobe Photoshop File Info field.


State/Province
Enter the name of the subregion of a country–usually referred to as either a State or Province – that is pictured in the image. Since the abbreviation for a State or Province may be unknown to those viewing your metadata internationally, consider using the full spelling of the name. Province/State is at the second level of a top-down geographical hierarchy.
Note: This field is “shared” with the “State/Province” field in the Origin panel of the Adobe
Photoshop File Info field.



Country
Enter the full name of the country pictured in the photograph. This field is at the first level of a top- down geographical hierarchy. The full name should be expressed as a verbal name and not as a code, the ISO country code should be placed in the field titled ISO CountryCode.
Note: This field is “shared” with the “Country” field in the Origin panel of the Adobe Photoshop
File Info field.


ISO Country Code
Enter the ISO Country Code of the country pictured in the photograph. This field is at the top/ first level of a top-down geographical hierarchy. Country codes should be displayed as upper-case letters (US not us), and may be either two- or three-letter codes as defined by the ISO 3166 standard. The two-letter code (3166-2) is freely available from
the http://www.iso.org/iso/en/prods-services/iso3166ma/02iso-3166-code-lists/list-en1.html site.
The full name of a country should go to the “Country” field.


IPTC Status panel

Title
This field can be used as a shorthand reference for the image or “photograph” — primarily for identification. The title of an image may take several forms; for photographers this might be the filename of their original scan or digital camera file, for news organizations it might be the name of the story for which it’s to be used. The Title term should not be confused with the Headline term, which is a short synopsis of the content of the photograph.
Note: This field is “shared” with the “Document Title” field in the Description panel of the Adobe
Photoshop File Info field.


Job Identifier
You can enter a number or identifier that was created or issued for the purpose of improving workflow handling and image tracking. This ID should be added by the creator or provider for transmission and routing purposes only and should have no significance for archiving. (please note that this same field was labelled as the “transmission reference” in previous versions of Adobe Photoshop).
Note: This field is “shared” with the “Transmission Reference” field in the Origin panel of the
Adobe Photoshop File Info field.

Instructions
The Instructions field is a simple text field that can be used to include any of a number of
instructions from the provider or creator to the receiver of the photograph. Any of the following could be included: embargoes (News Magazines OUT) and other restrictions not covered by the “Rights Usage Terms” field; information regarding the original means of capture (scanning notes, colourspace info) or other specific text information that the user may need for accurate reproduction; additional permissions or credits required when publishing.
Note: This field is “shared” with the “Instructions” field in the Origin panel of the Adobe
Photoshop File Info field.


Provider
Use the Provider field to identify who is providing the photograph. This doesn’t have to necessarily be the owner/ creator. If a photographer is working for a news agency such as Reuters or the Associated Press, these organizations could be listed here as they are “providing” the image for use by others. If the image is a stock photograph, then the group (agency) involved in supplying the image should be listed here.
Note: This field is “shared” with the “Credit” field in the Origin panel of the Adobe Photoshop
File Info field.


Source
The Source field should be used to identify the original owner or copyright holder of the
photograph. The value of this field should never be changed after the information is entered following the image's creation. While not yet enforced by the custom panels, you should consider this to be a “write-once” field. The source could be an individual, an agency, or a member of an agency. To aid in later searches, it is suggested to separate any slashes “/” with a blank space. Use the form “photographer / agency” rather than “photographer/agency.” Source may also be different from Creator and from the names listed in the Copyright Notice.
Note: This field is “shared” with the “Source” field in the Origin panel of the Adobe Photoshop
File Info field.


Copyright Notice
The Copyright Notice should contain any necessary copyright notice for claiming the intellectual property, and should identify the current owner(s) of the copyright for the photograph. Usually, this would be the photographer, but if the image was done by an employee or as work-for-hire, then the agency or company should be listed. Use the form appropriate to your country.

For the United States you would typically follow the form of © name of copyright owner, as in “©2005 John Doe.” Note, the word "copyright" or the abbreviation "copr" may be used in place of the © symbol. In some foreign countries only the copyright symbol is recognized and the abbreviation does not work. Furthermore the copyright symbol must be a full circle with a "c" inside; using something like (c) where the parentheses form a partial circle is not sufficient. For additional protection worldwide, use of the phrase, “all rights reserved” following the notice above is encouraged.

In Europe you would use: Copyright {Year} {Copyright owner}, all rights reserved.

In Japan, for maximum protection, the following three items should appear in the copyright field of the IPTC Core: (a) the word, Copyright; (b) year of the first publication; and (c) name of the author. You may also wish to include the phrase “all rights reserved.”

Notes regarding usage rights should be provided in the “Rights Usage Terms" field.

Note: This field is “shared” with the “Copyright Notice” field in the Description panel of the
Adobe Photoshop File Info field.

Rights Usage Terms
The Rights Usage Terms field should include text instructions on how this photograph can be legally used. For example, if you are only submitting the image(s) for consideration only, you can indicate that, and stipulate that no reproduction is allowed without permission being negotiated in advance. There are several groups working on terminology that can be used for rights management.
It is strongly encouraged that you use a standardized set of terms or controlled vocabulary when populating this field.

Workflow lX

IPTC

As the IPTC code is for more than just images I will not describe it in detail, except for the part that is needed for Photographers and others that like good metadata in their images..

Ill try to explain the fields that you can see in software like Adobe Lightroom, Photoshop, Portfolio , Irfan View, IviewPro and such.

Keywords will also be a part of this but they need a special chapter because of their complexity.

As I have mentioned before IPTC stands for International Press telecommunications Council (IPTC) organizer of wire transfer for newspapers and news organizations. For the most part the registry is therefor aimed at news needs but can be used for the normal photographer. Stock photographers will find that they can even use it to. All better image manipulation software can at least do the basics of IPTC. It can also be done in raw converters, but not all of them. Software like Adobe Lightroom and Adobe photoshop have full capability to write all the data.

The areas that are mapped and are for images are found here below. Here we can see how Photoshop CS defines the fields according to IPTC basic rules, and also IviewMedia Pro .

IPTC PSCS IWMP2

05 Object name -> Document title ->Product
10 Urgency -> Urgency ->Color Label
15 Category -> Category ->Genre
20 Supplementary Category -> suppl.category ->Categories
25 Keywords -> Keywords ->Keywords
40 Special instructions -> Instructions ->Instructions
55 Date Created -> Date Created ->Event date
80 By line (author) -> Author ->Author
85 By line title (author position) -> (not seen in file info) ->Author title
90 City -> City ->City
95 Province/state -> State/province ->State
101 Country/primary Location name-> Country ->Country
103 Original Transmission reference-> Transmission Reference ->Transmission
105 Headline -> Headline ->Title
110 Credit -> Credit ->Credit
115 Source -> Source ->Source
116 Copyright Notice -> Copyright Notice ->Copyright
120 Caption/abstract -> Description ->Caption
122 Writer/editor -> Description writer ->Writer



As you can see even though we have a a standard not every body is fully following that standard. It can therefore be a bit confusing and one has to learn about this difference depending on software used.

The good thing about software like Photoshop is that you do not have to type in these informations many times as IPTC panel and other info panels share information.

You can also automate the process of filling in some of the fields.

We will go throuhg the IPTC panels next.

Workflow Vlll

EXIF

Eins og áður hefur komið fram eru EXIF upplýsingarnar tæknilegar upplýsingar sem eru skráðar á myndina um leið og hún er tekin og skrifuð á minniskort myndavélarinnar. Til þess að átta okkur betur á hvaða upplýsingar er um að ræða skulum við líta á hvaða upplýsingar skráðar eru í EXIF skránna. Ekki skrá allar myndavélar upplýsingar eins en hér hef ég sett upplýsingar sem koma fram á Canon EOS myndavél og Canon Powershot myndavél. Ég hef stjörnumerkt það sem ekki kemur fram á litlu Powershot vélinni.

In software like Lightroom you can see these informations.

File Name:
Here is the name of the file or the name it has been given.

File path:
The path to where the file is (on the hard disk or what) and which folder it is in

Dimension:
The size of the image in pixels fx width 4992 and height og 3328

Exposure
Information on aperture and speed when the image was taken FX . 1/125 sec at f/16.

Focal length
The focal length of lens used 100mm

Exposure Bias
The wxposure bias of the image if normal under or over exposed.

#Iso Speed rating:
Iso rating just like in the old days with films

Flash
Here you can see if the flash fired or not.

#Exposure program.
Here you can see what program you used when the picture was taken or if you used manual settings

Metering Mode
The light metering system used for the image.

Date time
Date and time of image..

Make The t manufacturer of the camera. td Canon eða Nikon

Model Type of camera used Nikon D200 or Canon D30

#Serial number The cameras serial number.

Artist The cameras owner (if this has been registered in the camera)

Lens What lens was used FX 24.0 - 70.0 zoom lens.

In program like Photoshop you can see the same information even though they are not identically set up. By choosing File and then File info you get a set of these codes. There under the section Camera data 1 and 2 you can see these informations. Still itt all depends on the manufacturer of the cameras and what they have chosen to use and reviel. Most all database software can search by these informations. So if you remember taking an image with a 100mm lens on 24 of marz 2001 you should be able to find all images that day.

Such a search for certain image can still be time consuming because you could have taken hundreds of images with this lens that day. That is why the IPTC info is of such a value. these information you can amongst other things fill out in the file info section in Photoshop.

Workflow Vll

Metadata.

Metadata is common denominator for all kinds of information that are written in to a file like image files.
In the case of image files some of these information are registered when we take the picture but others you will have to add later. These information are amongst other written in a file that Adobe calls XMP and some time goes with the files as a side car,. Some times these informations (based on the file type) are written in the root of the file. Raw is such written from the manufacturer that little information is to be gotten from them and thus it is difficult to write a program that can embed those metadata informations. They want to keep their algorithm a secret they say. I have only seen one manufacturer have the option of writing basic IPTC data and that was Kodak. Other might be there now with out my knowledge.
Some say it is good because therefore it is less likely that the files will get corrupted and images lost. Adobe has therefor chosen the side car. or XMP file that is to the side of the image file. Not every body is happy with that and personally I feel that sidecars can be ok on a Motorcycle but not on an image file. It is enough for the Photographer to think about thousands of images and not have to think about thousands of sidecars to.
Here it is that good software and good organization of the files really helps.
One exception is though new to this and that is the Adobe DNG that writes all the information into one file. That is good.

The main information that are of interest or necessary for the Photographer are EXIF and IPTC. The main difference is that Exif is written when the image is made and is difficult to changes but the IPTC data is written afterwards
Exif has all the technical mambo jambo about aperture and speed lens used time when the picture was taken and more.
IPTC on the other hand is a description of the image. Like a social security card for the image and the main thing in finding images once we have stashed them away somewhere.


To coordinate how informations should be written and to help with better and faster wire transfer of images and movies The international Press telecommunication Council (IPTC) made up a code.
IPTC are an organization of newspapers news agencies and news distributers with headquarters in Windsor The main function was to make a organize the registry of news items and make a list of so called Controlled Vocabularies or taxonomies. IPTC calls them News Code. This is a huge document of 70 pages with the rules and regulation of what is good procedure of key-wording and describing digital documents. Metada system used by softwares like Photoshop is almost solemnly based on the work of IPTC. Still some software go in different directions.
It is therefor good to learn about this code and how databases and picture editing software mapped the fields.

We will first take a look at how the exif is registered.